According to Maryland v. Wilson, police officers are allowed to do what in relation to passengers in a vehicle?

In Maryland v. Wilson, the Supreme Court ruled that police officers have the authority to order passengers to exit a vehicle during a traffic stop. This ruling is based on the need for officer safety and the belief that such a measure can help prevent potential threats to law enforcement while they are interacting with the driver. The decision recognizes that passengers, like drivers, can potentially pose a risk, and thus allows officers to take steps to ensure their safety without needing specific suspicion against the passengers.

The ability to order passengers out of the vehicle is a procedural safeguard for law enforcement. It allows officers to manage the situation effectively and minimize risks. This ruling is significant as it establishes a precedent that helps define the parameters of authority that police officers have during vehicle stops, emphasizing the balance between public safety and individual rights.

The other options pertain to actions that generally require a higher standard of justification or are restricted under constitutional protections. For example, searching belongings or forcing identification typically requires either consent, probable cause, or other legal justification that is not provided merely by the stop itself.